To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essays

To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essays To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essay To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essay Aim To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification. Theory There are two basic types of lenses, convex lenses and concave lenses. A convex lens is also called a converging lens and a concave lenis is also called a diverging lens. Convex lenses are thicker in the middle than at the edges and concave are thinner in the middle than at the edges, which is exactly the opposite. The diagram below shows some examples of both types of lenses. Diagram 1 If a beam of light is directed parallel at a convex lens then the light is brought to focus by the lens. If the beam of light is directed along the lens axis (the line through the centre of each surface), the rays are brought to a focus on the axis at the focal point of the lens. The focal length (f) of a convex lens is the distance from the lens to the point where the rays are brought to a focus. Diagram 2 If a beam of light is directed parallel at a concave lens then the light rays are made to diverge from the lens. The focal length (f) of a concave lens is the distance from the lens to the point where the rays appear to diverge from. Diagram 3 Ray diagrams are used for showing how images are formed and predicting where the image will be formed. For simplicity, rays are shown bending at the line through the middle of the lens. In reality, bending takes place at each surface. Examples are shown below. Lenses are made up of a large number of small-angle prisms. Keep all the previous information in mind, at distance h from the optical centre P of a lens, (see diagram below). If a paraxial ray (a ray that is close to the axis that is making small angles with it) parallel to the axis changes angle when heating the lens there is always going to be a small deviation (D) after. Since the lens is small angled and is refracted trough the principal focus then the tangent of a small angle equals the small angle in radians, D=h FP Diagram 4 Now look at the diagram on the next page. If a paraxial ray from O is incident on the lens at distance h from the axis, it must also suffer deviation (D). Since all rays suffer the same amount of deviation. In the triangle IOM, the exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the interior opposite angles. Converging Diverging D=?+? D=?-? D=h h D=h h OP IP IP OP Therefore FP OP IP FP IP OP The above formula explains how we get; 1 1 1 where u=object distance v u f f=image distance v=focal length Diagram 5 Magnification is defined as: magnification (m) = image height object height and image height image distance object height object distance magnification = v u=object distance from lens. u v=image distance from lens Prediction From all my preliminary work, which was done on an applet at school, I predict that as the object moves towards the lens, the image becomes farther away (from the lens) therefore the magnification will increase. Variables In my experiment there are three key variables, which are: Object distance, which is the independent variable. Control variables are the variables that are changed. I will change the object distance of the lens. Image distance, which is the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the data collected, so in this experiment it will be the image distance. Focal length, which is the control variable. Control variables are the factors, which help to keep the experiment a fair test. In this experiment the control variable is the focal length. Safety Precautions To protect myself from any danger a few tasks have to be done. * Be careful with the power pack the ray box is connected with. * Do not hold the light bulb since it gets very hot. * Do not shine the light in your eyes or anyone elses. * Do not break your lens. Fair Test To make sure the experiment is fair a few factors have to be taken into consideration. To make it a fair test then I will use the same ray box, same metre ruler, same slide, same lens and the same screen. To make the experiment accurate and to prevent anomalies I will repeat the whole experiment at least three times and take an average reading. Equipment Lens Screen Ray box Slide Metre Ruler Method 1. Set up the diagram as shown below. 2. Move the object closer to the lens and measure the image distance as well as the object distance. 3. Calculate the magnification. 4. Repeat step 2 several times and repeat the experiment three more times and take an average reading. Diagram Preliminary work My preliminary work was done using a java applet that can be found on the following website:http://members.nbci.com/-XMCM/surendranath/Applet.html. My results are shown below. OBJECT DISTANCE (mm) IMAGE DISTANCE (mm) MAGNIFICATION (mm) 200 200 1 180 225 1.25 160 266.7 1.7 140 350 2.5 120 600 5 100 10100 101 80 -400 -5 60 -150 -2.5 Actual Experiment results. OBJECT DISTANCE (Cm) IMAGE DISTANCE (Cm) MAGNIFICATION (Cm) 10 Infinity (INF) Infinity (INF) 15 Infinity (INF) Infinity (INF) 16 200 12.5 18 118 6.5 20 65 3.25 22 53 2.409 24 41 1.7083 25 40 1.6 26 37 1.42 28 33 1.179 30 30 1 45 22 0.48 45 22.5 0.5 Measurements have been converted to metres. U 1/u (1/u) 2 V 1/v (1/v) 2 1/u?1/v 0.16 6.25 39.063 2 0.5 0.25 3.125 0.18 5.5556 30.864 1.18 0.8475 0.7182 4.7081 0.2 5 25 0.65 1.5385 2.3669 7.6923 0.22 4.5455 20.661 0.53 1.8868 3.56 8.5763 0.24 4.1667 17.361 0.41 2.439 5.9488 10.163 0.25 4 16 0.4 2.5 6.25 10 0.26 3.8462 14.793 0.37 2.7027 7.3046 10.395 0.28 3.5714 12.755 0.33 3.0303 9.1827 10.823 0.3 3.3333 11.111 0.3 3.3333 11.111 11.111 0.45 2.2222 4.9383 0.22 4.5455 20.661 10.101 42.491 192.55 23.324 67.353 86.694 U is the object distance independent variable. V is the image distance dependent variable. Plot (1/u) along the x-axis. Plot (1/v) along the y-axis. Graph See graph paper. Ex = E 1/u = 42.491 Ey = E 1/v = 23.324 Ex2 = E (1/u) 2 = 192.55 Ey2 = E (1/v) 2 = 67.353 Exy = E (1/u?1/v) = 86.694 x =Ex/n =42.491/10 =4.2491 y = Ey/n = 23.324/10 = 2.3324 Sxx =Ex2 nx2 =192.55-10?4.24912 =12.0015 Syy = Ey2 ny2 =67.353-10?2.33242 =12.9510 Sxy = Exy-nxy =86.694-10?4.2491?2.3324 =-12.4120 Least Squares Fitting Gradient = ? =Sxy/Sxx =-12.4120/12.0015 =-1.0342 Formula for line of best fit. (y-y) = ?(x-x) y=?x+y-?x Intercept =y-?x =2.3324-(-1.0342?4.2491) =6.7268 Therefore, y=-1.0342x + 6.7268 Since y=1/v x=1/u 1/v= -1. 0342/u + 6.7268 1/f = 6.7248 f = 0.14865m Analysis The first two points are left out, as it was impossible to accurately locate the image. I will do a least squares analysis on the remaining points. The object distance against magnification graph forms a curve. This curve represents exactly what I had predicted that the nearer the object is to the lens the better the magnification. The graph that shows the relationship between 1/u and 1/v shows a negative correlation of points and this means that as the object distance decreases the image distance increases. I had one difficulty when doing the experiment and that was the judgment in measuring the distance from the lens to the image (1 cm error) and from the object to the lens (0.5 cm error). Theoretically the best magnification should be when the object distance is nearest to the lens but before the focal point. This is represented in the experimental results above. Evaluation I think my plan worked out because I got the results I expected to get. My results for my experiment are quite accurate and reliable but there is a marginal error. My experiment could be improved if I used a tape measure instead of a ruler because there was a marginal error in measuring the object distance and image distance. The first two points were anomalous. I think that if I did the experiment again I could change the focal length.

Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essays

Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essays Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essay Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essay This essay will be a comparison of Manhattan and Taxi Driver in the way that they represent New York in the opening scene. The voiceovers in both movies are very different, the only thing they have in common is that both the people speaking have accents only derived from New York. In Manhattan the voiceover is very distinct and clear. The voiceover in Manhattan is of the main character re-iterating the different beginnings of his latest novel. Whereas in Taxi Driver the voiceover is like a diary entry, more casual than informative. Compared to Manhattan this is very informative. Therefore showing that Manhattan has been created in a tourist brochure type of style. Although everything does seem to be perfect some bad light is shined on the place when Woody Allen says. The society that has been desensitised by drugs, crime and television. Apart from that the tourist brochure side does really come out, in the way that all the tourist attractions and the good parts of the city are shown. Woody Allens description of the city also shines light on how wonderful it is to stay and shop there and showing clean str eets and happy shoppers throughout the opening scene. Unlike Manhattan, Taxi Driver doesnt a voiceover until Travis Bickles diary entry. The voiceover for the first coupe of minutes can be classified as the everyday sounds around Travis Bickle. Besides when the diary entry does start it doesnt bring as much life to the beginning of the film like Manhattan does. This is because the deiary7 entry seems more like a narration. Both movies are set in the same city if New York, but are shown in different perspectives. In Taxi Driver the town is mainly filmed at night, which would look different to Manhattan which was filmed for the majority in the daytime. In Taxi Driver everything seems very sleazy; filming in slow motion shows just how seedy the place is. on the other hand Manhattan shows New York as a lovely place. In the daytime you can see the hustle and bustle of the business people on the streets. Everything looks orderly and organised. Manhattan portrays New Yorks distinguished architecture and its astounding tourist attractions in its glorified beauty. The nightlife doesnt seem any different showing the flashing lights of Broadway and other night time entertainment. A counter-argument is that the few bags of rubbish you do see and the crime mentioned shows the ways the people brush aside their problems. In the same way as Taxi Driver touching on the bad part of New York, but not in the same depth. The people in the movies are extremely dissimilar. The people in Manhattan show the classier side of New York with the blue collar workers and business men and women getting on with their lives. You can also see a few children run past that go to a private school. In comparison with Taxi Driver it looks quite elegant. Taxi Driver focuses on Travis Bickle and the people and the people you see through his eyes. The employer you see in front of Travis Bickles interview is not very well dressed and has stains and dirty marks on his shirt. Indicating that there cant be many good jobs in that are of New York. The way Travis Bickle is dressed also indicates this, also that the areas looks as if it cant provide good legal jobs. The employer asks if Travis Bickle has been involved in moonlighting which is an illegal activity. This suggests that it is hard to get a good and officially authorized job. The women you see also act as evidence because they seem to be working on all the corners of t he red light district that Travis Bickle decides to drive through. This area is very squalid and all the women are like that too. Seeing this movie from a mans point of view makes the prostitutes look worse than they actually are. Martin Scorcese, the director of Taxi Driver, makes the movie this way to show how realistic the people in the slums of New York are, furthermore under miming the way Manhattan depicts New York and its people. Each film has positive and negative parts in their beginnings. However it seems that taxi Driver is mostly negative and for the most part Manhattan is positive. Manhattan shows the more positive views through the people and the city. You se a big port and tall buildings, trees and lakes exemplifying the great and ambitious aspects of the city. The night life is no different showing an absolutely dissimilar side of New York o that shown in Taxi Driver. With Broadway shown amongst restaurants and theatres shows people on this side of New York have expensive tastes. You see the New York skyline lit up by the various fireworks going off signifying a mood of celebrating. They are celebrating how well their city operates, looks, functions and the amount of people that must visit it every day. This is different from Taxi Driver, which has nothing to celebrate. The repulsive taxi rank seems to be one of the best looking and decent buildings I the beginning of the movie. In addition the women seen are disgraceful hence representing the world around them. Being an ex-marine Travis Bickles view of women is sexist and distasteful. Therefore Martin Scorcese is again showing the more realistic views of New York through Taxi Driver. The possible target audience for both movies would be teenagers and young adults. Manhattan seems to be targeted at a more women than men. The storyline is based on love, the places the camera takes you and the movie starts off with the beginning of a novel being re-iterated. In addition some surveys show that more women read than men and women would seem to be attracted to that aspect of the movie. Manhattan can be considered as coming from a male point of view, but still attracts to watch. Being a romantic style film and showing the more elegant walks of life. Alternatively Taxi Driver is more of a masculine film. A male being the main character suggests this and the flat looks. His flat looks threadbare and not very homely. Suggesting he doesnt have many visitors. A marine is a very masculine profession and the look of Travis Bickle shows hes got muscles. The area he drives through is quite rough, another reason there will be a lot of violence throughout the movie because it has a n 18 certificate. In addition illegal actions are illegal activities are mentioned such as moonlighting which shows the type of people hat would watch the movie. Another illegal activity seen is prostitution this would cut out the Christian community for seeing this movie as prostitution as a version of sin. The target audience for this movie would be more adults and those that have no reactions to violent conduct. As Taxi Driver gives a more realistic view of New York that not many children would be allowed to watch. Equally Manhattan is realistic in its own way, although Taxi Driver gives it a more brutal look. The places Travis Bickle looks at and the way he lives is how you would expect someone with his status to live. He is unemployed fresh out of the marines and doesnt seem to have much money. He lives in a dingy flat with bars on the windows and the employer he goes to see ahs a lot of people in with illegal dealings asking for jobs. Yet on the other hand as Manhattan only gives you brief views of places and doesnt go into that much detail. So you cannot see how the people you encounter live their lives. So I would say that Taxi Driver is realistic in the way that it brings out the character Travis Bickle adapting to his surroundings. You can tell this by his sort of uncaring attitude which matches that of the places he goes around. The way that Manhattan shows its realism is the way the people are around the camera. They seem to be getting on without bothering about anyone else which is what most people that might expect New York to be like. Also that the nightlife seems expensive and enjoyable, this is how tourist brochures would describe the town as well. In conclusion I would say that the two ways that New York is portrayed in these movies are similar in certain aspects. Although most of the values that both movies have that seem to make them popular to watch are entirely different. They both have intriguing and outstanding views with New York make both of these movies a must see and have a very high status in the movie ratings.

Individual Case for Taxation Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual for Taxation - Case Study Example In joint tax return, there are deductions for itemized and standard deductions from adjusted gross income. Standard deductions are income amounts that non-itemizers subtract from their contributed income basing on the filing status. The examples of such deductions are medical expenses, charitable contributions, home mortgage interest and property taxes. Itemized deductions are deductions from the taxpayer’s gross income for money spent on goods and services throughout the year. The deductions convert taxable income into non-taxable income that one spends on various taxes privileged items. The examples of such itemized deductions are interest paid on investments, casualty and theft losses, hobby expenses and cash contributions to charity and churches. A thorough examination of the items in the joint tax return reveals that the following items will be claimed: firstly, the real estate tax for example registration fees for motor will be claimed to convert the taxable amount to non taxable income. Moreover, interest margin paid on investments of the couple either jointly or separately is claimed (Genders 2013). Additionally, medical expenses for the betterment of couples’ life shall be accounted for in joint tax return to relieve them. Nevertheless, expenses and charitable contributions that are contributed by the couple will be claimed for deduction in the process of taxation. From the above calculation, 2013 has a better taxable income to the revenue authority because of the less personal exemptions deductions that are deducted from the adjusted gross income. For instance in the scenario in, we have taxable income of $102800 as compared to year 2014 where we have a taxable income of $ 102750. The effect is brought in by a decrease in the personal exemptions by $50. Other issues to be identified are: the age of the couple whether they are above 65 years or less. This helps in determination of the standard

Morals and Ethics in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morals and Ethics in Organisations - Essay Example So, the system actually discourages proper ethics in business. Further complications are found in the hierarchical structure of businesses, the availability of corporate deniability and the tendency for corporation members to conform to established behaviour. Even if we could establish a flawless definition for ethical behaviour, and create a useful method for measurement, some way to harmonize business needs and ethical needs would have to be developed, and the rules would have to be agreed upon by all those in power. Perhaps the most practical method for encouraging ethical behaviour by organizations would be to make everything transparent. It was posed that the ,†The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits†, in Contemporary Moral Problems, (White 2000 233-238) but this attitude is becoming less and less popular as corporations are being held accountable for their actions. In times past the damage done by business was more localized and much less wi dely known. In today’s world mass media spreads the knowledge of wrongdoing like a brushfire. More than this, the damage, as in the housing crisis in the US, can impact business and government globally. Not only were the companies involved behaving unethically, but their bonus systems promoted such behaviour, since sales increased bonuses without regard to whether or not the buyer was able to pay. When too many were unable to pay, the US government guarantor organizations, Fanny May and Freddie Mac, were unable to cope with the volume. They had to be rescued by a government emergency program, and the effects were not localized at all, but were felt around the world (Gjerstad and Smith 2013, 437). The resulting US recession had echoes in all the major markets, including China, the UK, and the EU (Holt and Greenwood 2012, 363). The resulting foreclosures in the US damaged local neighbourhoods, depressed prices and increased crime (RW.ERROR - Unable to find reference:10926). Une mployment rose, causing more people to be unable to pay their mortgages and able buyers decreased further. Growth in housing markets around the world ended abruptly following the US crisis and global markets were profoundly negatively impacted (Scanlon, Lunde, and Whitehead 2011, 23). Because people around the world are so interconnected now and global markets and political and economic ties between nations are massive and deep, and all of these react almost instantly to each other, it has become critically important that organizations should behave ethically, both for their own good and that of the people of the world. Historically, business has not been very moral and management was based solely upon profit and rewarded by that standard, making it actually counterproductive individually for managers to behave ethically (Scott 2002, 33). Even if organizations continue to view ethics as being based upon what is good for the corporation, it is shown now that the corporate good is muc h more closely tied to the good of the whole range of stakeholders (Donaldson & Freeman 1994; Calton & Lad 1995). More transparency might be the way to develop ethical businesses without resorting to laws or prohibitions. If it affects the bottom line businesses will make change. All stakeholders should be involved, as each group has a different agenda and the bottom line is not

“Successful African-American mathematics students” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Successful African-American mathematics students† Essay â€Å"Successful African-American Mathematics Students in Academically Unacceptable High Schools† is author Peter A. Sheppard IV’s dissertation for his Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science and Mathematics Education. And although there have been numerous studies already conducted on successful African-Americans, as revealed by Sheppard’s Review of Literature, not much has been made regarding the accountability aspect of the No Child Left behind Act (NCLB) 2001 (where states are required to publicly identify low-performing schools) and its influence on students. Hence, Sheppard sought to explore the relation between academically unacceptable schools – which, as defined by the NCLB 2001, refer to schools that got a School Performance Score of 44. 9 or below – and the existence of quite a number of African-American math students in such seemingly negatively labeled academic institutions. Completed on May 2005, Sheppard’s article posed two primary and four secondary research questions. The main questions that the study aimed to address are: 1) Why are successful African-American mathematics students (with â€Å"successful student† defined as someone who scored ‘Advanced’ or ‘Mastery’ on the math portion of Louisiana’s Graduate Exit Exam or GEE) able to thrive in academically unacceptable schools? 2) Why have these successful African-American math students chosen to stay in academically unacceptable schools despite being given an option to transfer to a better-performing school? In an attempt to answer the above questions, Sheppard (2005) also hopes to stumble upon answers to the following sub-questions: 1) Is the negative school designation, academically unacceptable, an appropriate description of the schools in this study? 2) What is the role of the teacher in the achievement of successful math students in state-recognized poor schools? 3) What is the role of the school-based leader (principal) in the achievement of successful math students in state-recognized poor schools? 4) To what extent do peers affect the achievement of successful math students in state-recognized poor schools? Sheppard made it clear that his paper was in no way an attempt to generalize the situation of all African-American students in all academically unacceptable schools. In fact, the answers he’ll be deriving at will be applicable only to â€Å"a small non-probability, purposeful sample† that is limited to the eleven successful African-American math students who studied in either Lake High School or River High School and who participated in the study (Sheppard, 2005). It is for this reason that Sheppard approached his study with a qualitative design. Since Sheppard was attacking his research qualitatively, the theoretical construct used is not that well-defined. The use of a theory in a qualitative study is, after all, not as clear as its use in quantitative researches. John Creswell (1994) explains, â€Å"In a qualitative study, one does not begin with a theory to test or verify. Instead, consistent with the inductive model of thinking, a theory may emerge during the data collection and analysis phase of the research†¦. † But even with an undefined theoretical construct, it may be safe to assume that Sheppard was proceeding with the research under the same theoretical constructs that other researchers mentioned in the Review of Literature were using: that despite an â€Å"ominous set of troubling conditions† provided by family life, peers, society, and – as applicable with the study at hand – a negative label on the schools they attend, African-Americans are able to overcome the challenges and become academically successful thanks to â€Å"support from teachers, parental academic engagement, self-discipline, self efficacy, and positive peer influence† (Sheppard, 2005). To arrive at a conclusion, Sheppard attempted to answer his research questions via what he called data triangulation, where he â€Å"[brings] more than one source of data to bear a single point†. And his sources of data were tape-recorded interviews with the 11 successful African-American students and principals and math teachers from the two participant schools plus a 10-item open-ended survey that the 11 students had to complete. Conducting tape-recorded interviews indeed worked to Sheppard’s advantage as it allowed him to keep the original data and â€Å"preserve the words of the respondents† (Sheppard, 2005). Conducting one hour semi-structured interviews with each of the principals and teachers allowed Sheppard to make use of one of the advantages of the said data collection type, which is that it gave him control over the line of questioning (Creswell, 1994). Same thing goes with his interviews with the students. However, the interview with the students posed one limitation: since they were conducted in a group setting, the presence of other interviewees may have biased the responses. In fact, it should be noted that 5 of the 11 students interviewed were either reserved or brief in responding. Sheppard did use another data collection type to verify the students’ answers during the group interviews. But for a study that is openly outlined as qualitative in nature – Sheppard himself wrote so a couple of times throughout the paper – it was surprising that the second method used was the open-ended survey. It is a common fact that survey – open- or close-ended – is a method associated with the qualitative procedure (Burns and Bush, 2005; Creswell, 1994; Qualitative research). I believe that it would have been wiser for Sheppard to have stuck with the methods he applied during his pilot study, which were group and individual interviews. This is not only to make sure that he stays parallel with a qualitative design but also because a face-to-face interview achieves something that a written survey can never hope to do so – and that is allowing the researcher room to ask for additional information (Burns and Bush, 2005). Surveys, even those with open-ended questions, allows for respondents to provide incomplete answers that a researcher will have a hard time clarifying; with face-to-face interviews, though, it will be easy for the interviewer to throw in a follow-up question and let the respondent elaborate on his/her answers (Burns and Bush, 2005; Creswell, 1994). Besides, the methods in the pilot study has already proven successful as two of the participants who were reluctant during the group interviews answered more openly during the individual session, thus making the group-individual interviews seem like a smarter path to tread. It is also worth noting that the use of open-ended and semi-structured questionnaires was indeed a good move on Sheppard’s part because it allowed him to collect information in the participants’ own words and these kinds of questionnaires elicit complete answers (it is just up to Sheppard to probe further). And although the information collection with these types of questionnaires are difficult to code and interpret (Burns and Bush, 2005), Sheppard was able to go about it with member checking, where he asked the participants to review and edit the transcripts. Sheppard’s methodology was, arguably, effective in arriving at a satisfactory conclusion. But in my honest opinion, there would have been a better way of approaching the research to ensure that the result he’d arrive at will be more ‘trustworthy’. But his study, â€Å"Successful African-American Mathematics Students in Academically Unacceptable High Schools†, although not applying a methodology I would personally have preferred is indeed a good starting to point to further exploring relationships between successful African-American math students and academically unacceptable high schools. REFERENCES Boeree, C. George. (1998). Being Aware Of Your Biases. Qualitative Methods Workbook. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/qualmethfour. html. Burns, Alvin and Ronald Bush. (2005). Marketing Research (5th ed). Europe: Pearson Education. Creswell, John W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative Quantitative Approaches. California: Sage Publications. Northern Arizona University. (1999). Interviewing in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Research. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~mid/edr725/class/interviewing/. Qualitative research. (2007, August 19). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Qualitative_research. Quantitative research. (2007, July 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Quantitative_research. Sheppard, Peter IV. (2005 May). Successful African-American Mathematics Students in Academically Unacceptable High Schools [Electronic version]. ERIC. Retrieved August 23, 2007, from http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet? accno=ED489992.

Health Care Economics :: essays research papers

People place various levels of price on their lives and the lives of their loved ones. People take drastic measures in an attempt to increase and improve one's life. Unfortunately, money and economics have a great influence on the value of life. As presented in the text, the Jones-Lee Approach, the relationship between wages and risk, and the study with the smoke detectors, all show that even with health, as with material consumer products, people will purchase more when the price is cheaper. People actually place a higher value on life when the means of "saving" that life are cheaper. The limitations to this type of analysis are that money and numerical figures are not the only way people assess the value of life. Placing a monetary value on life depicts how people react to prices as they do with all goods they purchase. There are many other ways, however, to measure how much you value your life. Obviously, good health is a major factor of being happy and satisfied with your life. However, people also place family, friends, and self-realization very high on the list of value. Every year, the United States allots a limited amount of money that may be spent on health care. Not everyone can be saved and cured, and the decision on who is, is left up to those in charge. The fact is, different people have different views on whose life should be valued more. Some may want to save a young child who hasn't had a chance to live their life over an elderly person who has lived a long fulfilling life. Others, however, would place the elder higher because they are wiser and more experienced, while the young child still doesn't know what is happening. I would predict that most people would choose the first option. The value of life is very important to society today. It is important in every profession, culture, and home.

1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan

Period II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results. 6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. The manufacturing sector expanded by 9 percent annually and various new industries were set up. Agriculture grew at a respectable rate of 4 percent with the introduction of Green Revolution technology. Governance improved with a major expansion in the government’s capacity for policy analysis, design and implementation, as well as the far-reaching process of institution building. 7 The Pakistani polity evolved from what political scientists called a â€Å"soft state† to a â€Å"developmental† one that had acquired the semblance of political legitimacy The Flat Fifties, 1947 to 1958 The main features of the 1950s was the establishment and expansion of thelarge scale manufacturing sector, which ranged from a high annual growthrate of 28. 7% in 1953/4 to a low 4. 9% in 1957/8. With industry growing athigh rates, there was reverse picture in the agriculture sector, which onlyonce in this period achieved double digit growth rates. Agriculture stagnated to the extent that its growth was not even enough to cope with the growth inpopulation, resulting in a fall in per capita consumption of food grain and theneed to import food as well. A stagnant agriculture in a predominantlyagricultural economy meant a slowly growing economy. The major impact of  economic policy in the 1950s was to transfer income away from agricultureand from urban consumers and to the new and rapidly growingmanufacturing sector 7. 2. 1 The Trade Regime: 1950-60 The major instrument of protection to import-substituting industries during the 1950-60 period was the system of import licensing. The value of import licenses issued and the distribution of these licenses across import categories were determined by the chief comptroller of imports and exports. Both the level and the product composition of import licenses changed from year to year, but in all years demand for imports exceeded the controlled supply, creating a gap between importers’ costs (c. i. f. prices plus duties and sales taxes) and market prices. The margin above importers’ costs represented a windfall profit for those fortunate enough to have the import licenses. Also, domestic manufacturing firms were able to sell their products at prices well above importers’ costs because of the scarcity markups created by restrictive licensing. Tariff protection was, in most product lines, a far less significant factor in overall protection than the licensing of imports. The structure of nominal and effective tariff protection, therefore, provides little indication of the production incentives created by the trade-control system during this period. A study by Lewis (1970, p. 69) suggests that the scarcity markup-the percentage increase of the wholesale price above the importer’s cost-was 67 percent. Lewis also found that, for his sample, nominal rates of protection across the three major subcategories of manufacturing- consumer, The Export Bonus Voucher Scheme During the 1950s it became clear that exporters were caught in a continually worsening cost-price squeeze. The maintenance of an overvalued exchange rate through restrictive import controls implied (1 ) a constant rupee return per dollar of goods exported; but (2) production costs that had a tendency to escalate when foreign exchange became scarce and the scarcity premium on imported raw materials rose. To offset this disadvantage, the export bonus voucher scheme was introduced in 1959. For every Rs 100 of foreign exchange earned, the exporter received a voucher for either Rs 20 or Rs 40, depending on the type of product, that effectively became a license to import goods up to the face value of the voucher. The bonus vouchers were licenses to import only goods from a list of importable items, but the list was quite broad and encompassed consumer, intermediate, and investment goods. Exporters had considerable freedom in deploying their vouchers. They could be used to import raw materials for processing into export or import-competing goods. They could be used for personal imports of luxury items, such as automobiles. Or they could be sold on the open market, commanding a price well in excess of their face value. This latter alternative was extremely popular, and bonus vouchers were traded on the Karachi stock exchange with the premium-that is, the price expressed as a percentage of its face value-quoted daily. Importers purchasing the vouchers could then import any item on the bonus list. If the premium was 150 percent and the c. i. f. value of the imported item was $1, or Rs 4. 6 at the official rate of exchange, and the duty 50 percent, the total cost to the importer was: Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 (Rs 4. 76) + 0. 5 (Rs. 4. 76) = Rs 14. 28. Since many items were purchased with bonus voucher premiums and customs duties of these same levels, it is clear that the marginal EER for exports exceeded the official exchange rate by a substantial amount. For the exporter, the bonus voucher scheme offered a differentiated and variable EER. Agricultural goods carried a bonus rate-the share of foreign exchange earned returned in the form of vouchers-of zero while manufactured goods carried rates . f 20 or 40 percent initially. The bonus rate structure, the number of rate categories, and the commodities assigned to the various categories were changed from time to time. Also, the premium fluctuated between 100 and 200 percent, though an attempt was made to stabilize the bonus premium at about 150 per cent. The EER for exports ranged, therefore, from Rs 4. 76 to Rs 7. 61 (Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 x 0. 4 x Rs 4. 76). INDUSTRIALIZATION: Ayub Khan's era is known for the industrialization in the country. The new regime of Ayub Khandisbanded many of the controls that had been imposed following the post-korean war recessionin 1952. He created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establishmedium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new jobopportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. In 1959 there was afundamental reordering and change in the method of directing industrialization through trade  policy and a series of liberal policies were introduced which remained in effect till 1965. Themain emphasis of the new rade policy in 1959 shifted away from direst controls and towardsindirest controls on imports, and on domestic prices of other goods. It was the export bonus scheme launched in 1959 that was considered to be the key to the importliberalization process in Pakistan. The scheme allowed a free market in the bonus vouchers for  certain commodities. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incenti ves stimulatednew industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreignexchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offeredfor investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringingindustry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. In addition the earlier closed and selective import licensing scheme of the 1950s, which was  based on the importers ability to importduring the Korean boom of 1950-2, was replaced in 1961 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PAKISTANECONOMICPOLICY by the open General license(OGL), which allowed newcomers to enter the trading sector. Thenew traders made substantial profits and gains from processing import licenses. The most marketfriendly change was the introduction of the Free List†, which permitted the import of certaingoods without any license. The free List was extended over time from 4 items to 50 in 1964. Thetariff structure continued to be used as a signaling device, as it had been in the 1950s. the biasagainst producing machinery and equipment locally continued, as the import duty on these itemswas still the lowest, thus making it easier to import these goods rather than produce them athome. The main reason why the government could be so generous in its import policy in the firsthalf of 1960s was critically linked to the availability of foreign aid, which increased from 2. 5  percent of GNP in mid 1950s to 7 percent of GNP in mid 1960s. In 1965 the Free List suffered serious setbacks as foreign aid was curtailed, and due to theresulting foreign exchange squeeze, the import liberalization policies were abandoned and manynew import controls were introduced. The governments import licensing scheme was to suppose to encourage the private sector toinvest, just as the EBS was a means for exporters to acquire additional foreign exchange byexporting more. The exchange rate had been over valued in the 1950s, but the EBS compensatedfor that and boosted exports, especially of manufactured goods. The scheme transferred asubsidy to exports, and the export of raw jute fell from 60 percent of total exports in 1958 to 20%in 1968, while exports of cotton and jute textiles increased from 8. 3% to 35% in this period, andexports of other manufacturers increased tenfold from 2 to 20 %. The EBS also had a positiveimpact on imports making raw materials and machinery easier and cheaper. This resulted in low  prices for agricultural inputs, while EBS transferred subsidies to manufactured exports. Due toEBS and import licensing and liberalization strategy large-scale manufacturing increased from8% per annum between 1955 and 1960 to 17% between 1960 an 1965 in the second five year  Ã‚  plan the controls reimposed following the foreign exchange and aid curtailment caused thisgrowth to fall to about 10% in the second half of the 1960s. None of the growth in industry during the period of second five year plan was due to the importsubstitution, instead domestic demand and absorption rate were the dominant factors. As foreignaid had increased so had imports and even though manufacturing output grew to impressive ratesdue to the import policies and foreign resources, imports increased at a faster pace. Growth ininvestment goods was by far the fastest of all sectors during the early 1960s.. he reasonaccording to Asian bank was that since this sector was most dependent on imported rawmaterials, it benefitted most from import liberalization. Another reason why import substitutionslowed down was the EBS, which encouraged the export of manufactured goods. Pakistan’s growth rate of 5. 065 was far higher than many comparable countries, indicating bothtechnological dynamism and dynamic allocative efficiency in a comparative perspective

“One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” by Ken Kesey Essay

Chief Bromden’s background has had a profound impact on his character. Society never treated him with the respect he deserved, and not being able to face up to it, he was forced into hiding out in a mental institution. The neglect from society throughout his life turned the Chief into a paranoid, insecure and reserved man. The reader gets a glimpse of Chief Bromden’s paranoia in the beginning of the novel. His paranoia mostly takes the form of hallucinations, he believes there are hidden machines in the hospital that physically and psychologically control the patients. â€Å"I creep along the wall quiet as dust in my canvas shoes, but they got special sensitive equipment detects my fear and they all look up, all three at once, eyes glittering out of the black faces,† this is a quote taken from pg.9, and it reveals the Chief’s way of looking at thing. Chief’s perspective reveals that the black boys become aware of his presence because of the special sensitive equipment that senses fear, but it may just be the way Chief is creeping along wall that makes the black boys stare at him the way they do. Chief’s paranoia is caused by his unwillingness to conform to society. He searches for reasons that he can apply to his everyday situations to help him cope with society. â€Å"One of these days I’ll quit straining and let myself go completely, lose myself in the fog the way some of the other Chronics have.† This quote, which can be found on pg.42, reveals another one of Chief’s hallucinations. The fog represents Chief’s medicated state and his need to hide from reality. When Chief does not want to deal with his surroundings he looses himself in the drugs and blames the Big Nurse for fogging up the place. The paranoia and hallucinations are caused because the Chief is unhappy with society and wants a form of escape, but as the story progresses and his mood changes to a more blissful tone the hallucination become more rare. Society’s lack of acknowledgment towards Chief Bromden has transformed him into a quite and reserved individual. â€Å"But I remembered one thing: it wasn’t me that started acting deaf; it was people that first started acting like I  was too Dumb to hear or see or say anything at all.† This quote from pg.178 confirms that Chief is quite and reserved because of the impact society has had on him. From pages 178-182 Chief talks of a time when he was ten years old, and three government officials came to see his father who was away at the time. Chief tries to talk to the officials but they act like they are unaware of his presence. This experience for Bromden creates a withdrawal from society, and encourages him to keep to himself because no one seems to care for what he has to say. Another reason why the Chief is so quite and reserved is because he feels safe. On pg.12 while hiding in the broom closet, he thinks back to a time when he and his father went hunting. â€Å"The bird is safe as long as he keeps still.† Here Bromden is talking about a bird that is being targeted by a dog, and how the bird is safe as long as the dog is unaware of its presence. Bromden is relating this experience to his current situation in the novel, he is trying to keep still in the broom closet so the black boys will not be able to find him. Chief Bromden is also insecure about himself. â€Å"No. I’m way too little. I used to be big, but not no more, you’re twice the size of me.† This is a quote from pg.186, the Chief is talking to McMurphy. Although Chief is really a lot bigger and stronger than McMurphy he feels as if he’s actually smaller and weaker. The reason why Chief Bromden feels this way is because no one gives him any respect. He does not feel as if he is important and this makes him feel small. McMurphy makes a deal with the Chief that he can make him as big and as strong as he used to be. McMurphy does this not by muscle building but by building up Chief’s self-esteem. On pg.190 McMurphy compliments the Chief, â€Å"Oh man, I tell you, I tell you, you’ll have women trippin’ you and beatin’ you to the floor.† After this compliment he pull’s of Chief’s bed sheet’s and says, â€Å"Look there, Chief. Haw. What’d I tell ya? You growed a half a foot already.† Chief Bromden is a normal human being, who has been criticized and torn down by society into a small worthless man. Because of the lack of acceptance in society the Chief turns to the mental institution where he is accepted no questions asked. However the institution is not able provide him with self-respect and worth he needs, but his friend McMurphy is. After spending  some time with McMurphy the Chief is able to regain a sense of himself as an individual.

The Roles of Identity in Asian American Citizenship essays

The Roles of Identity in Asian American Citizenship essays Within history Asians eligible for citizenship were considered to be a privileged. However, Asian Americans did not simply perceive citizenship as the right to vote or carry a passport but moreover the rightful membership in society - a membership that carries with it certain rights, loyalties, and duties. Unfortunately for Asian Americans, race has shaped the politics of membership and the determination of rights, loyalties, and duties for Asians Americans - acquisition of citizenship would not come easily. Thus, Asian Americans constructed several strategies to protest this inequality: community formations and identity constructions. The Asian American conception of citizenship included a sense of equality that seemed unobtainable. The diction and tone of subordination in Manuel Buakens recollection of the First Filipino Infantry to gain citizenship in 1943 conveys the futility of American citizenship - prejudice and racism distorted the sense of U.S. nationalism within Asian Americans. Buakens quotation of the posts public relations officers description of the ceremony reveals indirectly the fragmentation of citizenship - They are waiting at this moment for the only reward that they have asked - citizenship - real live nephews of the Uncle Sam they revere. (Filipino Regiment Member Manuel Buaken Fights for Freedom, 290 - 291) Despite the peril endured by the Filipino Infantry to aid American they were merely considered nephews of Uncle Sam - a menial status of citizenship unequivalent to common Americans. Furthermore, in the ceremonies closing speech Judge Welsh would quote, Citizenship came to us who were born here as a heritage - it will come to you as a privilege. (Filipino Regiment Member Manuel Buaken Fights for Freedom, 291) Implicit is a sense that the benefits of citizenship are integrated with race; Americas repression of Asiatic citizenship denotes that the Infa...

Buildings to See in Tennessee

Buildings to See in Tennessee From Memphis to Nashville, Tennessee offers a variety of interesting and often surprising architecture. The great state of Tennessee even boasts a house by Frank Lloyd Wright and the controversial home of former Vice President Al Gore. Architecture in Memphis Graceland Mansion was home to rock star Elvis Presley from 1957 until his death on August 16, 1977. Its now a National Historic Landmark and the most popular tourist attraction in Memphis. In fact, it seem that all Memphis tourism centers around Graceland, but its also worth a trip into town to visit some of where the locals hang out. Not many skyscrapers on the eastern shore of the Mississippi River. The tallest building in Memphis is the 430 foot 100 North Main Building built way back in 1965. From this skyscraper, turn around to South Main Street, where youll find turn-of-the-20th century architecture in the historic arts district. Headed back toward Graceland Mansion is the mid-19th century Elmwood Cemetery, which got its start during the Rural Cemetery Movement. Nashville Sites Capitol State Park MallSite of many important buildings and memorials.Tennessee State CapitolDesigned by the noted architect William Strickland.The HermitageHome of President Andrew Jackson.The Nashville ParthenonWorlds only full size replica of the ancient Parthenon of Greece.Batman Building (ATT), Earl Swensson Associates Architect (1994)The tallest building in Tennessee.Belle Meade PlantationQueen of Tennessee Plantations.Historic GermantownGrand houses, workers cottages, and shotgun homes.Nashvilles Best Historical HomesRyman AuditoriumHome of the Grand Ole Opry Chattanooga Terminal Station, Chattanooga Choo ChooHunter Museum of American ArtWalnut Street Bridge, 1891, wrought-iron and steelThe privately owned Usonian home built for Seamour and Gerte Shavin by Frank Lloyd Wright is located at 334 N. Crest Road on Missionary Ridge. Plantation Houses Belle Meade Plantation, NashvilleOaklands, MurfreesboroRippavilla, Spring HillAntebellum Architecture Victorian Tennessee Historic Rugby, a Utopian community founded by Thomas Hughes, author of Tom Browns School Days Plan Your Trip to Tennessee Plenty of other excitement can be found all over the state. When visiting Discovery Park of America in Union City, remember that architects were involved with its making. And if the museum looks familiar it might be because Bostons famous Verner Johnson company had a hand in its design. The Great Smoky Mountains alone are enough of an excuse to get yourself to Tennessee, but then theres Dollywood in Pigeon Forge that will keep you there. Architectural gems can be found throughout the state, like the Langston Hughes Library on the Alex Haley Farm in Clinton, Tennessee, a small reference library designed in 1999 by Maya Lin. Plan your trip with Tennessee Tourism and the whole state can be your destination. Sources Tallest buildings in Memphis, EMPORIS, https://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings/city/101918/memphis-tn-usa [accessed October 2, 2017]

Colonial America's Most Wanted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial America's Most Wanted - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that slaves had a tendency to run away from their masters if they got a chance. In order to recapture escaped slaves, their masters would advertise details relating to the slave in highly descriptive forms so that they slaves could be captured and returned. The bounty for the slaves depended on the distance from their master’s property and how much the master valued a particular slave. Similarly, people who captured slaves would also advertise to return slaves to their owners in order to get rewarded. The runaway slave advertisements were often very descriptive. These details can be utilised to surmise historical facts from these advertisements. Various compilations of these advertisements exist but perhaps the most famous one are those compiled from various Virginia newspapers during the 18th and 19th centuries. Subtle differences exist between runaway slave advertisements from various regions and periods as well as from various new spapers. These differences can be used to elucidate differing attitudes and functions of slaves and slave owners around the United States. Evidence is referenced here and comparisons have been drawn in order to highlight regional variations in slavery and servitude in colonial America. After going through a number of advertisements for runaway slaves, the first thing to notice is that slaves could be other than African American too. There are references to native Indian, partially Spanish and other ethnic slaves who had escaped too. (Radford University) Reference may be made here to an advertisement in The Boston Newsletter dated July 23rd, 1716 for â€Å"an Indian named Min†. Similarly, another advertisement from The New York Gazette dated to October 2nd, 1749 concerns â€Å"a Spanish Mulatto fellow named George†. However, another thing to notice is the fact that slaves with ethnicities other than African American are more distinctly available in the coastal strips of the United States. Furthermore, other than regularly captured and sold out slaves from African jungles, certain slaves were previously free men. The previous advertisement for the Spanish man declares that he was previously a privateer. (Radford University) Again the slaves found in the south and Middle America regions were distinctly slaves for generations and were African American in ethnicity. These free men turned slaves are more distinctly noticeable in coastal American states especially New York and Boston that served as major harbours. Demographic differences also exist in the usage of slaves from state to state. While the plantation owners used slaves largely for tending to the crop and other such affairs, the slaves in the more urbanised backgrounds were house hold helpers. The slaves who helped out on farms were diverse in terms of their professions. While it is believed that most slaves on plantations were merely farm labourers, but slaves were employed elsewhere as well . There are advertisements for black smiths, chimney sweepers, wood workers, shoe makers etc. One such example is of an advertisement placed in The New York Gazette on September 25th, 1749 relating a runaway slave who â€Å"is a chimney sweeper†. Another similar example comes from an advertisement in The American Weekly Mercury on October 16th, 1729 where a runaway slave with the name of Mulato John is declared to be a â€Å"Shipwright by Trade†. In comparison, most runaway slave advertisements from the urban centres were for house workers. (Radford University) In terms of gender, most of the household slaves were young females. Most advertisements point to this fact. On such advertisement from The New York Gazette from November 13th, 1732 is about a slave girl named Sarah aged 24 years working in a home. Another advertiseme

Public Relations Measurement - Managing a Crisis Managing a Crisis Essay

Public Relations Measurement - Managing a Crisis Managing a Crisis - Essay Example They may begin to show the symptoms a few days after eating at the restaurant. Once the connection is made and investigations are launched by city health officials, it is likely that the foodstuffs that carry the E-coli bacteria are the ones that will be examined. A trace-back investigation will likely be conducted where public health officials investigate the suppliers of the foodstuff for the restaurant’s franchises across the different states. The resulting image problem could actually cause the restaurant in question to shut down if it is not dealt with appropriately. In such cases, it is first important to ensure that all the produce that came along with the batch carrying the contaminated foodstuffs is disposed of. It will also be necessary for the restaurant to be shut down for a certain period of time. This will be required by the city health officials who wish to conduct their own investigations as to the sanitary practices, or lack thereof, of the restaurant. The restaurant might also want to launch its own investigations into the matter. Most of the time when such incidents occur a restaurant is forced to revise its relationships with all its contractors or suppliers. This becomes especially necessary when the source of the contaminated foodstuffs is discovered. Once the problem’s source has been discovered and dealt with, it is then prudent for the restaurant’s management to inform the public of its discoveries as well as the steps it intends to take to ensure that the problem does not occur again. The restaurant’s management should also include an apology to the public and seek to make amends to the customers who were affected. This does not mean just paying their hospital bills, but also offering foodstuffs for a particular number of days (Arduser and Brown, 2005). The restaurant can also inform the public of a number which can be used by